Development and diffusion of the concept of innovation system イノベーション概念の発展と多様化
国富論から、護送船団方式産業振興、アントレプレナーシップ、そしてイノベーションエコシステムへ
1. The National System of Political Economy
Georg Friedrich List 国家経済成長のために、保護貿易と自由貿易を使い分ける施策を提唱
Georg Friedrich List (August 6, 1789 – November 30, 1846) |
List's scheme of industrial politics. Every nation should begin with free trade, stimulating and improving its agriculture by trade with richer and more cultivated nations, importing foreign manufactures and exporting raw products. When it is economically so far advanced that it can manufacture for itself, then protection should be used to allow the home industries to develop, and save them from being overpowered by the competition of stronger foreign industries in the home market. When the national industries have grown strong enough that this competition is not a threat, then the highest stage of progress has been reached; free trade should again become the rule, and the nation be thus thoroughly incorporated with the universal industrial union. What a nation loses in exchange during the protective period, it more than gains in the long run in productive power. (Wikipedia) |
2. National innovation system
イノベーションの決定的な役割とそれを中心に据えた国の施策
Christopher Freeman (September 11, 1921 – August 16, 2010) |
The National Innovation System (also NIS, National System of Innovation) is the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level. According to innovation system theory, innovation and technology development are results of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which includes enterprises, universities and government research institutes.
The term National System of Innovation originated when Christopher Freeman and Bengt-Åke Lundvall worked together in the late 1980s. Freeman's research drew heavily on political economy of Friedrich List and was historical account of the rise of Japan as an economic superpower. Lundvall's work explored the important social interactions between suppliers and customers and their role in encouraging innovation in Denmark. Apart from a general definition, as above, there is no canonical definition of national innovation systems. A few dominant definitions are listed below (quoted by the OECD publication National Innovation Systems, 1997) which overlap quite a bit:
A country's innovative performance largely depends on how these actors relate to each other as elements of a collective system of knowledge creation and use as well as the technologies they use. For example, public research institutes, academia and industry serve as research producers carrying out R&D activities. On the other hand, governments either central or regional pay the role of coordinator among research producers in terms of their policy instruments, visions and perspectives for the future. Furthermore, in order to promote innovation the different innovative actors must have strong linkages with each other based on a strong level of trust and governments should promote and activate trust among the different innovation actors. The linkages can take the form of joint research, personnel exchanges, cross-patenting, and purchase of equipment (OECD, 1997). Finally, NSI are shaped by distinct socio-cultural qualities of national communities. Therefore, there are national trajectories of innovativeness, technology orientation and learning, which results in each nation, either highly developed or not, having some kind of NSI, no matter if working well or not. Furthermore, the Success factors of NSI have been seen by many scholars in the creation of supportive institutions and organizations (with a key role of education) and collaboration linkages Bridging Scales in Innovation Policies throughout the various elements that constitute a NSI. Examples include public R&D and companies, as well as common objectives and innovative cultures of agents, altogether entailing self-reinforcing progress and synergies. Differences in the structures and strategies of NSI among various economically successful countries indicate however, that there is no universal best practice recipe. (based on Wikipedia) |
3. Innovation ecosystem
アントレプレナーの役割の増大とそれを生かした新しいイノベーションシステム